Manufacturing is a capital-intensive business at every stage. Raw materials must be purchased before production begins — often with deposits or prepayment required from suppliers. Production costs (labor, utilities, overhead) accumulate throughout the manufacturing cycle. Finished goods sit in inventory until they're shipped. And once shipped, customers pay on terms — typically net-30 to net-60.
The result is a cash conversion cycle that can stretch 90 days or more. A manufacturer with $10M in annual revenue can easily have $1.5M–$3M tied up at any given time in raw materials, work-in-process, finished goods, and receivables. That's capital that's already been spent but hasn't come back yet.
Growth amplifies the problem. A new $2M purchase order from a retail chain is exciting — but it requires $800K–$1.2M in material purchases, production labor, and shipping before the first dollar of revenue arrives. Without working capital, manufacturers are forced to choose between accepting orders and maintaining cash flow. That's not a choice any growing manufacturer should have to make.